Hyperexcitability is proposed to be due to acquired sensitization in fear circuits that progressively becomes more severe over time causing changing symptoms in early and late pathology. Hyperexcitability in fear circuits is suggested to be important for development of pathological anxiety and trauma from adaptive mechanisms of fear. 2School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.Genetic Influences on Hyperexcitability.Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor in the Extended Amygdala: Hyperexcitability, Kindling and Fear.CRF: An Enhancer of Kindling and Fear-Induced Hyperexcitability.Somatostatin Interneurons in Acute and Chronic Stress Paradigms.Hippocampus: Kindling-Induced Gain of Somatostatin Hyper-Inhibition and Then Collapse.Somatostatin: Kindling-Induced Loss of Somatostatin Inhibition in the Amygdala.Somatostatin: An Inhibitory Interneuron Regulating Fear, Kindling and Hyperexcitability.Kindling Mechanisms of Hyperexcitability.Hyperexcitability in Amygdala Neurons in Kindling and Stress: Similar Loss of Intrinsic Regulatory Mechanisms of Hyperpolarization.Anxiety and PTSD Patients Have Memory Deficits, but Reminisce About Their Anxiety and Trauma: Role of Hippocampus.Heterogeneity of Hyperexcitability in Anxiety and Trauma Patients.Cortical Integration With Amygdala in Fear, Trauma and Anxiety Disorders.Hyperexcitability in the Amygdala Is a Core Feature of Anxiety and Trauma Disorders.Anxiety and Trauma Disorders Are Not Necessarily a Maladaptation of Fear Conditioning, but Exaggerated Anticipation of Threat.Kindling of Emotional Hyperexcitability in Fear Circuits.Kindling: A Metaphor for Hyperexcitability.University of California, Los Angeles, United States TABLE OF CONTENTS
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